Space-related degrees
942 space-related degrees and college courses in the UK, last updated 3 July 2024. Data from UCAS, curated by the Space Skills Alliance.
Aero/mechanical engineering
(253)
Electronics
(68)
Satellite applications
(202)
Space science
(264)
Software & data
(18)
Found 181 degrees
Displaying all 181 degrees · Download results (CSV)
Astronomy and Physics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. We have close links with t...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Queen Mary University of London
Astrophysics applies physics and mathematics to understanding astronomical objects such as planets, stars and galaxies, and to the universe as a whole. Understanding the origin and evolution of the universe is one of the most exciting and challeng...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Nottingham Trent University
Study the building blocks of the universe, all that ever was and ever will be. This exciting course is your chance to develop your interests in astronomy and cosmology alongside your core undergraduate physics studies. It includes extragalactic ast...
Astronomy and Physics
Master's (5 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. You will learn about the l...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Royal Holloway, University of London
Our students often say their enthusiasm to study Physics stems from a wanting to learn about the Higgs particle, dark matter, nanotechnology or just a wide-ranging curiosity about how things really work. Whatever your reasons, our Physics departmen...
Astrophysics
Doctorate / PhD (3 years) at University of Oxford
**The information provided on this page was correct at the time of publication (November 2022). For complete and up-to-date information about this course, please visit the relevant University of Oxford course page via www.graduate.ox.ac.uk/ucas.** ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at Nottingham Trent University
Study the building blocks of the universe, all that ever was and ever will be. This exciting course is your chance to develop your interests in astronomy and cosmology alongside your core undergraduate physics studies. It includes extragalactic ast...
Astrophysics with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (4 years) at Keele University
**Foundation Year** Our Foundation Year provides an excellent alternative route to Keele, providing a unique opportunity to better prepare for your chosen degree, and with guaranteed entry onto your undergraduate course once you successfully compl...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Glasgow
**Physics with Astrophysics**: In this degree programme the study of physics is particularly focused on astrophysical phenomena: from stars and planets to galaxies and cosmology. Astrophysics provides a natural laboratory in which to explore the la...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Royal Holloway, University of London
Our students often say their enthusiasm to study Physics stems from wanting to learn more about the Higgs particle, dark matter, nanotechnology or just a wide-ranging curiosity about how things really work. Whatever your reasons, our Physics depart...
Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at University College London (UCL)
This MSc provides students with the skills, knowledge and research ability for a career in astrophysics. The programme is designed to satisfy the need, both nationally and internationally, for well-qualified postgraduates who will be able to respond to the challenges that arise from future developments in this field...
Natural Sciences (Q64)
Bachelor's (3 years) at
In this specialist route available in our BSc (Honours) Natural Sciences (Q64), you’ll develop the knowledge and skills you need to explore the smallest and largest scales of the Universe. You’ll be able to objectively and quantitatively describe, analyse, test and explain phenomena in the physical world, using appropriate mathematical tools and experimental methods...
Physics (Astrophysics with Space Science)
Master's (4 years) at
Our integrated masters degree combines undergraduate and postgraduate study, developing your knowledge and skills to explore the smallest and largest scales of the Universe. Choose from a standard, basic maths or advanced start to suit your current knowledge and understanding. Learn to objectively and quantitatively describe, analyse, test, and explain phenomena in our physical world and the wider Universe. Apply experimental, observational and numerical methods and develop appropriate mathematical and programming skills. Conclude with an original research project on a subject at the forefront of astrophysics or space science...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Lincoln
Our Physics with Astrophysics degree has been developed to equip students with the reasoning skills and analytic tools to tackle problems with no known answers. Astrophysics provides training in space science, Earth observation, and physics of extr...
Physics and Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Sheffield
On this course, you’ll spend half your degree studying astrophysics modules, more than most other UK astrophysics courses. You’ll also develop the skills for a career in research, whether you want to help map the universe as an astrophysicist or ap...
Physics with Astronomy
Master's (4 years) at University of Southampton
Enter the realm of extreme physics and learn the science behind powerful phenomena such as white dwarfs, black holes and neutron stars, the evolution of the universe, the formation of galaxies and space weather. You’ll gain the skills and knowledge...
Astrophysics with Space Science
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Hertfordshire
On this pathway, a student can study for an astrophysics degree with a programme that includes modules in space science. The physics content of the degree represents the full core material as defined by the Institute of Physics. The space content i...
Natural Sciences (Astronomy and Planetary Science) (Q64-AST)
Bachelor's (3 years) at
In this specialist route available in our BSc (Honours) Natural Sciences (Q64), you'll develop the knowledge and skills you need to study outer space. You'll be able to objectively and quantitatively describe, analyse, test and explain phenomena in...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Manchester
Take your studies sky-high and to master's level with our MPhys Physics with Astrophysics course - ideal if you want both a solid grounding in physics and a greater understanding of astronomy. Astrophysics principally involves applying the laws o...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Queen's University Belfast
"Physics is an enabling discipline showing how to do things thought impossible and helping others refine their approach. Physics is to the rest of science what machine tools are to engineering." Sir John Pendry "Physics allows us to write with a pi...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Exeter
- Our Physics with Astrophysics programmes focus on the core of mainstream physics, but also provide a balanced understanding of modern observational and theoretical astrophysics, from planets and stars to galaxies and cosmology - BSc research p...
Physics and Astronomy (with a foundation year)
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Sussex
**About the course** Interested in physics or astrophysics but don’t meet the entry requirements for a three-year degree? A Foundation Year can help you get on to the course you want. In the Department of Physics and Astronomy, we have over 20 y...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Hull
**Physics with Astrophysics encourages you to delve into the make-up of the universe: exploring topics from planets in our solar system to distant galaxies and abstract phenomena, as you study with experts.** The University’s expertise was recogni...
Astrophysics and Geology
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Investigate our Universe and discover the Earth’s captivating history to predict and protect its future on our Astrophysics and Geology BSc. You will gain a wide selection of transferable skills to enable you to pursue a huge variety of careers or ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Leeds
Physics is the most fundamental of all sciences, delving into the way the universe works to provide technological advances that have innovated the world – especially in astrophysics. From the discovery of planets around other stars to the most dis...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University College London (UCL)
Astrophysics makes demands across a broad frontier of technologies: materials science, optics and electronics. This three-year programme teaches students to apply their knowledge of physics to astronomical observation and to the interpretation of t...
Astronomy and Physics
Master's (5 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. You will learn about the l...
Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology
Master's (4 years) at King's College London
Our Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology MSci course will give you an understanding of fundamental aspects of physics, astrophysics and cosmology covering areas such as special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, fields and waves, the phy...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at
**Course Overview** Did you ever wonder how stars and galaxies came to be? Astrophysics can provide the answer – with the skills, methods and knowledge to investigate the physics of our universe. **Why study with us** - Learn at one of the UK’...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics (MPhys 4 years)
Master's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Physics with Astronomy
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Surrey
**Why choose this course** Our BSc and MPhys Physics with Astronomy courses teach you about our place in the cosmos. You’ll learn about cutting-edge theories of the origin of the Universe and life itself, and have the opportunity to carry out origi...
Physics with Astrophysics (with a year in Industry)
Master's (5 years) at University of York
Physics with Astrophysics at York gives students an understanding of the scale and physical processes at work in the Universe. The MPhys Physics with Astrophysics degree programme includes a good all-round knowledge of physics, but with a special...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Royal Holloway, University of London
Our students often say their enthusiasm to study Physics stems from a wanting to learn about the Higgs particle, dark matter, nanotechnology or just a wide-ranging curiosity about how things really work. Whatever your reasons, our Physics departmen...
Astrophysics with Year Abroad
Bachelor's (4 years) at Queen Mary University of London
Astrophysics applies physics and mathematics to understanding astronomical objects such as planets, stars and galaxies, and to the universe as a whole. Understanding the origin and evolution of the universe is one of the most exciting and challeng...
Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Portsmouth
**Overview** 95% of the universe exists in a form we still don't understand. Explore stars, galaxies, black holes and gravitational waves – joining an international community looking for answers. On this Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology degree...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Kent
**Physics reaches from the quark out to the largest of galaxies, and encompasses all the matter and timescales within these extremes, while Astrophysics emphasises the underlying physical concepts of the stars and galaxies, which make up the Univer...
Astronomy
Doctorate / PhD (6 years) at University of Sussex
Explore the extragalactic with our world-leading faculty. Our research interests focus on: - testing cosmological models - physics of the early universe - large-scale structure: galaxy surveys and numerical simulations - very high-redshift galaxi...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of York
Physics with Astrophysics at York gives students an understanding of the scale and physical processes at work in the Universe. The BSc Physics with Astrophysics programme includes a good all-round knowledge of physics, but with a special focus in ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Newcastle University
Our three-year Physics with Astrophysics degree provides a strong understanding of the fundamental pillars of physics and a thorough grounding in advanced mathematics. You'll apply physics, mathematics and computation to understand the origin and e...
Astronomy and Planetary Science (S10)
Certificate (1 year) at
This certificate covers fundamental astronomy and planetary science. You’ll study the Solar System, stars, galaxies, exoplanets and the search for life in the Universe. Learn how astronomers ‘measure’ the Universe – considering spectroscopy imaging...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University College London (UCL)
This four-year programme offers an additional year of study on top of the Astrophysics BSc, during which students have the opportunity to specialise further by taking advanced optional modules, and undertaking a research project...
Physics with Astrophysics with a Year Abroad (4 years)
Master's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Physics reaches from the quark out to the largest of galaxies, and encompasses all the matter and timescales within these extremes, while Astrophysics emphasises the underlying physical concepts of the stars and galaxies, which make up the Univer...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Exeter
- Our Physics with Astrophysics programmes focus on the core of mainstream physics, but also provide a balanced understanding of modern observational and theoretical astrophysics, from planets and stars to galaxies and cosmology - The PhD-style ...
Physics with Astrophysics (Foundation Entry)
Master's (5 years) at
**Course overview** Our Physics with Astrophysics Foundation Entry degree course is a one-year preparation for a degree programme that will equip you to work as a professional physicist or astrophysicist. **Why study with us** - During your Fou...
Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology
Master's (4 years) at King's College London
Our Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology MSci course will give you an understanding of fundamental aspects of physics, astrophysics and cosmology covering areas such as special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, fields and waves, the phy...
Astrophysics
Doctorate / PhD (3 years) at University of Lincoln
Our astrophysics research is dealing with some of most complex structures in our Solar system, such as planetary rings around Saturn. An emerging direction is also investigation of disks around exoplanets and potential moon formations which could support life. Students are supported and encouraged to submit papers to international scientific journals, present findings at conferences, and share knowledge with colleagues across the University...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics with a Professional Placement
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Physics with Theoretical Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Nottingham
**About Physics at the University of Nottingham** We have a proud history of learning and innovation. Research undertaken within the School of Physics and Astronomy, by Professor Sir Peter Mansfield, was recognised with a 2003 Nobel Prize for the ...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Queen Mary University of London
Astrophysics applies physics and mathematics to understanding astronomical objects such as planets, stars and galaxies, and to the universe as a whole. Understanding the origin and evolution of the universe is one of the most exciting and challeng...
Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Master's (5 years) at University of Portsmouth
**Overview** 95% of the universe exists in a form we still don't understand. Explore stars, galaxies, black holes and gravitational waves – joining an international community looking for answers. On this Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology degree...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at
**Course Overview** Did you ever wonder how stars and galaxies came to be? An Astrophysics degree can provide the answer. You'll gain the skills, methods and knowledge to investigate the physics of our universe. **Why study with us** - Learn at...
Astrophysics
Doctorate / PhD (3 years) at University of Oxford
**The information provided on this page was correct at the time of publication (November 2022). For complete and up-to-date information about this course, please visit the relevant University of Oxford course page via www.graduate.ox.ac.uk/ucas.** ...
Physics with Astrophysics (with a year in Industry)
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of York
Physics with Astrophysics at York gives students an understanding of the scale and physical processes at work in the Universe. The BSc Physics with Astrophysics programme includes a good all-round knowledge of physics, but with a special focus i...
Astrophysics (Foundation Entry)
Bachelor's (4 years) at
**Course Overview** Do you ever wonder how our universe came to be? Our Astrophysics Foundation Entry degree course will help you find the answers and lead to a rewarding career in this field. **Why study with us** - You’ll also develop your ma...
Physics w Astrophysics w prof placement, research placement, study abroad
Master's (5 years) at University of Bath
Apply the full breadth of physics to a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from star formation to black hole growth and the expansion of the Universe. During the course, you’ll learn about the fundamental theoretical physics describing the inte...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Manchester
Take your studies sky-high with our BSc Physics with Astrophysics course - ideal if you want both a solid grounding in physics and a greater understanding of astronomy. Astrophysics principally involves applying the laws of physics to distant reg...
Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at University of Glasgow
The Masters in Astrophysics gives you an understanding of the principles and methods of modern astrophysics at a level appropriate for a professional physicist. **WHY THIS PROGRAMME** - This programme is accredited by the Institute of Physics. A...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Warwick
**Why Warwick?** The University of Warwick is a world-leading university, born out of boldness, imagination and collaboration. We’ve built a strong reputation for upholding the highest academic and research standards. Today, more than 27,000 stude...
Astrophysics and Mathematics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Analyse the nature of the Universe and model physical systems with differential equations. Our Astrophysics and Mathematics BSc will arm you with the transferable knowledge and skills to follow a variety of career paths. **Why choose this course?*...
Physics and Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Birmingham
If you are fascinated by astronomy and have the drive to solve the mysteries of the universe through scientific study, mathematics, computing and experimental work, then this Physics and Astrophysics MSci degree has been created for you. Our Physi...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Hertfordshire
Astrophysics is the study of the physical processes that shape the structure and evolution of the universe. It seeks to provide answers to fundamental questions about the origin and life cycles of stars, planets and galaxies as well as the universe...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Queen's University Belfast
"Physics is an enabling discipline showing how to do things thought impossible and helping others refine their approach. Physics is to the rest of science what machine tools are to engineering." Sir John Pendry "Physics allows us to write with a pi...
Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Portsmouth
**Overview** 95% of the universe exists in a form we still don't understand. Explore stars, galaxies, black holes and gravitational waves – joining an international community looking for answers. On this Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology degree...
Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bachelor's (3 years) at King's College London
Our Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology BSc course will give you an understanding of fundamental aspects of physics, astrophysics and cosmology covering areas such as special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, fields and waves, the phys...
Astronomy and Physics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. We have close links with t...
Astrophysics (with integrated foundation year)
Bachelor's (4 years) at Aberystwyth University
This four-year Astrophysics degree at Aberystwyth University includes a foundation year and incorporates the broad disciplines of astronomy that include cosmology and galactic astronomy, the solar system, gas giants and terrestrial worlds, red gian...
Astrophysics
Master's (2 years) at Liverpool John Moores University
This MSc in Astrophysics is delivered by world-leading researchers at Liverpool John Moores University and is designed to facilitate further postgraduate and PhD study. - Access the two metre research-class robotic Liverpool telescope - designed ...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Queen Mary University of London
Astrophysics applies physics and mathematics to understanding astronomical objects such as planets, stars and galaxies, and to the universe as a whole. Understanding the origin and evolution of the universe is one of the most exciting and challeng...
Physics with Astrophysics (with a year abroad)
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of York
Physics with Astrophysics at York gives students an understanding of the scale and physical processes at work in the Universe. The BSc Physics with Astrophysics with a year Abroad programme includes a good all-round knowledge of physics, but with ...
Astrophysics and Computer Science
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Discover more about the nature of our Universe and learn the tools and skills to develop future software systems on our Astrophysics and Computer Science BSc. This course will equip you with the advanced critical thinking, mathematical and problem-...
Physics with Astrophysics with research placement
Master's (4 years) at University of Bath
Apply the full breadth of physics to a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from star formation to black hole growth and the expansion of the Universe. During the course, you’ll learn about the fundamental theoretical physics describing the inte...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics with a year Abroad (MPhys 4 years)
Master's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Physics with Astrophysics with Science Foundation Year
Master's (5 years) at University of Lincoln
The Science Foundation Year aims to prepare students with the fundamental skills and knowledge required for successful transition into degree-level study, which may open up exciting careers and further study opportunities. Students on the Science F...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Sussex
**About the course** At Sussex, our experts are working at the forefront of physics, developing next generation quantum technology devices and working on the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. You’ll study modules based on the lat...
Physics and Astronomy
Doctorate / PhD (6 years) at University of Birmingham
**Push the boundaries of knowledge at the frontiers of science in one of the largest Physics departments in the country. Combining a high profile for research both in the UK and internationally, by studying a PhD at Birmingham you will work with ta...
Astrophysics
Master's (2 years) at Queen Mary University of London
The MSc in Astrophysics provides a detailed overview of the fundamentals of the subject as well as an up-to-date account of recent developments in research and is available to study full time (one year) or part time (two years). The large range of ...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Edinburgh
Astrophysics introduces you to the basics of physics and demonstrates how this knowledge can be applied to the physics of astronomy. Recent astronomical discoveries have made it an increasingly popular area of study. The School of Physics and Ast...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Bristol
This course gives you a thorough grounding in physics with astrophysics as a key component. It is led by an internationally renowned astrophysics research group and covers a broad range of contemporary astrophysics. Study areas begin with a broad ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at
**Course Overview** Couple your passion for stars and galaxies with an understanding of the fundamentals of all matter, by combining a focus on Astrophysics with the wider perspective of Physics. **Why study with us** - You’ll explore concepts...
Physics with Astronomy with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Surrey
**Foundation courses** A foundation year can develop your skills and make it easier to get started at university. It is an extra year of study at the start of your course that leads in to a full degree programme. It’s a great option if: You don’t ...
Astrophysics with Year Abroad
Master's (5 years) at Queen Mary University of London
Astrophysics applies physics and mathematics to understanding astronomical objects such as planets, stars and galaxies, and to the universe as a whole. Understanding the origin and evolution of the universe is one of the most exciting and challeng...
Physics and Astrophysics with an Industrial Placement Year
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Sheffield
On this course, you’ll put your astrophysics knowledge into practice on a work placement and build up more experience for your CV. Placement opportunities for our astrophysics students include the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes in the Canary Isla...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Leicester
This four-year degree expands on the Physics with Astrophysics BSc to prepare you for high-level entry into industry. It’s also a solid base for pursuing PhD research. We run the longest established Physics with Astrophysics degree in the UK, on w...
Astrophysics and Data Science
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Discover more about our universe and explore how the analysis of big data representing natural phenomena can be effectively tackled. Our Astrophysics and Data Science BSc (Hons) will provide you with the advanced critical thinking, mathematical and...
Physics with Astrophysics with Science Foundation Year
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Lincoln
The Science Foundation Year aims to prepare students with the fundamental skills and knowledge required for successful transition into degree-level study, which may open up exciting careers and further study opportunities. Students on the Science F...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Lancaster University
Our MPhys Physics with Astrophysics degree develops your understanding of the relationship between the physical laws of the universe and the astrophysical and cosmological domains. The specialist teaching is informed by our world-leading activities...
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Postgraduate Certificate (1 year) at Queen Mary University of London
The Postgraduate Certificate in Astronomy and Astrophysics programme at Queen Mary, University of London, provides a unique opportunity for graduates to pursue the subject in depth, either for personal interest or as a first step towards a professi...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of St Andrews
Over the last 600 years, the University of St Andrews has established a reputation as one of the world’s leading teaching centres. Today, we offer a flexible degree structure based on your choice of subject specialism, creating an environment which...
Physics and Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Birmingham
If you are fascinated by astronomy and have the drive to solve the mysteries of the universe through scientific study, mathematics, computing and experimental work, then this Physics and Astrophysics BSc degree has been created for you. Our Physic...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Glasgow
**Physics with Astrophysics**: In this degree programme the study of physics is particularly focused on astrophysical phenomena: from stars and planets to galaxies and cosmology. Astrophysics provides a natural laboratory in which to explore the la...
Planetary Exploration with Astronomy and Astrobiology
Bachelor's (3 years) at Birkbeck, University of London
This is an exciting time to study planetary science. New data is being returned by spacecraft throughout the solar system and there is considerable scientific interest in the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe. Our BSc Planetary Explorat...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Warwick
**Why Warwick?** The University of Warwick is a world-leading university, born out of boldness, imagination and collaboration. We’ve built a strong reputation for upholding the highest academic and research standards. Today, more than 27,000 stude...
Astrophysics with Space Science
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Hertfordshire
On this pathway, a student can study for an astrophysics degree with a programme that includes modules in space science. The physics content of the degree represents the full core material as defined by the Institute of Physics. The space content i...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics with a year Abroad (MPhys 4 years)
Master's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at University of Hertfordshire
You’ll develop a thorough grounding in fundamental physics while exploring cutting edge topics about the Universe, its constituents and structure, and humanity’s place within it. You’ll be trained in observational astrophysics and in the use of th...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Cardiff University
The MPhys Astrophysics degree covers core physical and mathematical concepts with a clear focus on our interpretation of the Universe. The course is designed to give a thorough education in theoretical aspects of physics and astrophysics and an und...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Explore the skies to discover more about the nature of our Universe. From quarks to quasars - our Physics with Astrophysics BSc will equip you with the advanced critical thinking, mathematical and problem-solving skills to enter a huge variety of c...
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Surrey
**Why choose this course** Our exciting BSc and MPhys Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics courses are unique in the UK. You’ll study the core modules required of a physics degree, but you’ll also gain a specialism that combines the quantum world of ...
Mathematics and Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Dundee
Mathematical models and applications are behind all of today's scientific developments. Physics is the most fundamental of the sciences, concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy.This course combines modules from mathematics and...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at Nottingham Trent University
Study the building blocks of the universe, all that ever was and ever will be. This exciting course is your chance to develop your interests in astronomy and cosmology alongside your core undergraduate physics studies. It includes extragalactic ast...
Astrophysics with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (4 years) at Keele University
**Foundation Year** Our Foundation Year provides an excellent alternative route to Keele, providing a unique opportunity to better prepare for your chosen degree, and with guaranteed entry onto your undergraduate course once you successfully compl...
Data-Intensive Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at Cardiff University
**The MSc in Data-Intensive Astrophysics has been designed to provide you with the skills and knowledge needed for a career in a range of areas including academic research in astronomy or astrophysics as well technical, development and engineering ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Bath
Apply the full breadth of physics to a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from star formation to black hole growth and the expansion of the Universe. During the course, you’ll learn about the fundamental theoretical physics describing the inte...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Bristol
This course provides a thorough grounding in physics with astrophysics as a key component. It is led by an internationally renowned astrophysics research group and covers a broad range of contemporary astrophysics. In years one and two the course ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Bath
Apply the full breadth of physics to a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from star formation to black hole growth and the expansion of the Universe. During the course, you’ll learn about the fundamental theoretical physics describing the inte...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Sussex
**About the course** At Sussex, our experts are working at the forefront of physics. They are developing next generation quantum technology devices and working on the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. You’ll study modules based o...
Physics with Astrophysics (with a year abroad)
Master's (5 years) at University of York
Physics with Astrophysics at York gives students an understanding of the scale and physical processes at work in the Universe. The MPhys Physics with Astrophysics degree programme includes a good all-round knowledge of physics, but with a special...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Hull
**Physics with Astrophysics encourages you to delve into the make-up of the universe: exploring topics from planets in our solar system to distant galaxies and abstract phenomena, as you study with experts.** The University’s expertise was recogni...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Liverpool
The MPhys Astrophysics is delivered collaboratively by acclaimed experts from the University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University. An Astrophysics degree has the unique potential to provide students with an understanding of the most u...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Exeter
- Our Physics with Astrophysics programmes focus on the core of mainstream physics, but also provide a balanced understanding of modern observational and theoretical astrophysics, from planets and stars to galaxies and cosmology - BSc research p...
Physics with Astronomy with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (5 years) at University of Surrey
**Foundation courses** A foundation year can develop your skills and make it easier to get started at university. It is an extra year of study at the start of your course that leads in to a full degree programme. It’s a great option if: You don’t ...
Physics with Astrophysics (4 years)
Master's (4 years) at University of Kent
**hysics reaches from the quark out to the largest of galaxies, and encompasses all the matter and timescales within these extremes, while Astrophysics emphasises the underlying physical concepts of the stars and galaxies, which make up the Univers...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at Cardiff University
**Taught topics reflect our world-leading strengths in theoretical, observational and instrumentational research and include Cosmology, Advanced General Relativity and Gravitational Waves, Instrumentation for Astronomy and Techniques in Astrophysic...
Astrophysics
Master's (3 years) at University of Lincoln
Staff in the School of Mathematics and Physics conduct cutting-edge research in fundamental and applied mathematics and physics, ranging from pure mathematics to applied nano-science at the interface between biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The School collaborates with top research institutions in Germany, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, and the USA. Our astrophysics research is dealing with some of most complex structures in our Solar system, such as planetary rings around Saturn. An emerging direction is also investigation of disks around exoplanets and potential moon formations which could support life. Students are supported and encouraged to submit papers to international scientific journals, present findings at conferences, and share knowledge with colleagues across the University...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Leicester
This four-year degree expands on the Physics with Astrophysics BSc to prepare you for high-level entry into industry. It’s also a solid base for pursuing PhD research. We run the longest established Physics with Astrophysics degree in the UK, on w...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Aberystwyth University
Astrophysics, at Aberystwyth University, incorporates the broad disciplines of astronomy that include cosmology and galactic astronomy, the solar system, gas giants and terrestrial worlds, red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and quasars amongs...
Astronomy
Master's (2 years) at University of Sussex
Explore astronomy and astrophysics at an advanced level, focusing on observational, theoretical or computational astronomy. This course is one of only three full-time, broad-based astronomy MSc courses in the UK. This course is for you if you grad...
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (5 years) at University of Surrey
**Foundation courses** A foundation year can develop your skills and make it easier to get started at university. It is an extra year of study at the start of your course that leads in to a full degree programme. It’s a great option if: You don’t ...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Dundee
Physics is the most fundamental science, concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. This means physics-based knowledge can be applied across the depth and breadth of industry. In the context of astronomical phenomena, circumsta...
Astrophysics with a Year Abroad
Master's (5 years) at University of Liverpool
This programme includes a Year Abroad. The Year Abroad will allow you to study at one of our partner universities around the world, following a mixture of culture and discipline-related modules...
Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Cardiff University
The BSc Astrophysics degree covers core physical and mathematical concepts with a clear focus on our interpretation of the Universe. The course is designed to give a thorough education in theoretical aspects of physics and astrophysics and an under...
Scientific Computing and Data Analysis (Astrophysics)
Master's (1 year) at Durham University
Advances in fields such as Physics, Engineering, Earth Sciences or Finance are increasingly driven by experts in computational techniques. Notably, people skilled to write code for the most powerful computers in the world and skilled to process the...
Postgraduate research opportunities in Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Liverpool John Moores University
**Start dates: October, February and June** PhD Full-time: 4 years PhD Part-time: 7 years MPhil Full-time: 2 years MPhil Part-time: 4 years Excellent research opportunities await at LJMU's Astrophysics Research Institute, enabling you to work a...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Leeds
Physics is the most fundamental of all sciences, delving into the way the universe works to provide technological advances that have innovated the world – especially in astrophysics. From the discovery of planets around other stars to the most dis...
Astronomy and Physics
Master's (5 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. You will learn about the l...
Astrophysics with Placement Year
Master's (2 years) at University of Hertfordshire
You’ll develop a thorough grounding in fundamental physics while exploring cutting edge topics about the Universe, its constituents and structure, and humanity’s place within it. You’ll be trained in observational astrophysics and in the use of th...
Astrophysics with Space Sciences
Master's (4 years) at University of Hertfordshire
On this pathway, a student can study for an astrophysics degree with a programme that includes modules in space science. The physics content of the degree represents the full core material as defined by the Institute of Physics. The space content i...
Astrophysics and Chemistry
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Discover more about the nature of our Universe and learn how to develop solutions to society’s global challenges, from saving habitats through to contributing towards medical advances. Our Astrophysics and Chemistry BSc will equip you with the know...
Astronomy and Mathematics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. You will learn about the l...
Astrophysics and Medicinal Chemistry
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Explore the nature of our universe, tackle global health issues and develop your understanding of drug design. Our Astrophysics and Medicinal Chemistry BSc will arm you with the knowledge, skills and techniques to pursue a variety of careers or con...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Explore the skies to discover more about the nature of our Universe. From quarks to quasars - our Physics with Astrophysics BSc will equip you with the advanced critical thinking, mathematical and problem-solving skills to enter a huge variety of c...
Physics and Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Sheffield
On our Physics and Astrophysics course, you’ll spend half your time studying astrophysics modules. This means our degree programme has more astrophysics content than most, taking you from the formation and evolution of our solar system, through sta...
Physics with Astrophysics with professional placement or study abroad
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Bath
Apply the full breadth of physics to a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from star formation to black hole growth and the expansion of the Universe. During the course, you’ll learn about the fundamental theoretical physics describing the inte...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics with a Professional Placement
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at
**Course Overview** Couple your passion for stars and galaxies with an understanding of the fundamentals of all matter, by combining a focus on Astrophysics with the wider perspective of Physics. **Why study with us** - You’ll explore concepts...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Exeter
- Our Physics with Astrophysics programmes focus on the core of mainstream physics, but also provide a balanced understanding of modern observational and theoretical astrophysics, from planets and stars to galaxies and cosmology - The PhD-style ...
Physics with Astronomy
Master's (4 years) at University of Surrey
**Why choose this course** Our BSc and MPhys Physics with Astronomy courses teach you about our place in the cosmos. You’ll learn about cutting-edge theories of the origin of the Universe and life itself, and have the opportunity to carry out origi...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Northumbria University
If your mind is stimulated by physics and maths, and you are also fascinated by the sun and our solar system and want to explore subjects such as dark matter and black holes, then choosing Physics with Astrophysics at Northumbria can give your care...
Planetary Science with Astronomy
Certificate (2 years) at Birkbeck, University of London
Our Certificate of Higher Education in Planetary Science with Astronomy has been designed to allow easy access to the study of the fascinating and dynamic areas of planetary science. This course allows you to explore subject areas including the ori...
Physics and Astrophysics with an Industrial Placement Year
Master's (5 years) at University of Sheffield
On this course, you’ll build up skills and experience on a work placement, which you can apply to the final years of your degree and a career in research. Placement opportunities for our astrophysics students include the Isaac Newton Group of Teles...
Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics (MPhys 4 years)
Master's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Are you inspired by the wonders and vastness of the Universe? Do you want to investigate the possibilities of life elsewhere within it? Get involved with real space missions from ESA and NASA, and work on Hubble Telescope data and images from gia...
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Doctorate / PhD (6 years) at University of Manchester
The Department of Physics and Astronomy at Manchester is one of the largest and most active departments of physics in the UK. We have a long tradition of excellence in both teaching and research, and have interests in most areas of contemporary re...
Physics and Astrophysics (International Study)
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Birmingham
Would you like to spend one year of your Physics and Astrophysics degree studying at a foreign university? Perhaps you are interested in developing your language skills whilst studying for a degree, or you see yourself working abroad in a future ca...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Leicester
Galaxies, stars, nebulae, black holes, quasars, pulsars, novas, supernovas. Astrophysics deals with physics on a big scale. In this degree, you’ll cover a range of astrophysics subjects, alongside the fundamentals of physics and maths. We run the ...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Hertfordshire
Astrophysics is the study of the physical processes that shape the structure and evolution of the universe. This course seeks to provide answers to fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of stars, planets and galaxies, as well as the ...
Astrophysics with Space Sciences
Master's (4 years) at University of Hertfordshire
On this pathway, a student can study for an astrophysics degree with a programme that includes modules in space science. The physics content of the degree represents the full core material as defined by the Institute of Physics. The space content i...
Physics with Astrophysics with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (3.5 years) at Keele University
**Foundation Year** Our Foundation Year provides an excellent alternative route to Keele, providing a unique opportunity to better prepare for your chosen degree, and with guaranteed entry onto your undergraduate course once you successfully comple...
Astrophysics
Master's (5 years) at University of Edinburgh
Astrophysics introduces you to the basics of physics and demonstrates how this knowledge can be applied to the physics of astronomy. Recent astronomical discoveries have made it an increasingly popular area of study. The School of Physics and Ast...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Newcastle University
Our three-year Physics with Astrophysics degree provides a strong understanding of the fundamental pillars of physics and a thorough grounding in advanced mathematics. You'll apply physics, mathematics and computation to understand the origin and e...
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Surrey
**Foundation courses** A foundation year can develop your skills and make it easier to get started at university. It is an extra year of study at the start of your course that leads in to a full degree programme. It’s a great option if: You don’t ...
Astrophysics MPhys (Foundation Entry)
Master's (5 years) at
**Course Overview** Do you ever wonder how our universe came to be? Our MPhys Astrophysics Foundation Entry Degree provides you with essential training to help find the answer. **Why study with us** - You’ll have access to specialist laboratory...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Lincoln
Our Physics with Astrophysics degree has been developed to equip students with the reasoning skills and analytic tools to tackle problems with no known answers. Astrophysics provides training in space science, Earth observation, and physics of extr...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Northumbria University
If your mind is stimulated by physics and maths, and you are also fascinated by the sun and our solar system and want to explore subjects such as dark matter and black holes, then choosing Physics with Astrophysics at Northumbria can give your care...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Sussex
**About the course** If you want to apply your physics skills to understanding the universe, this is the course for you. You’ll learn from experts working at the forefront of astrophysics, from exploring dark energy to starburst galaxies. You’ll ...
Physics with Astrophysics (Foundation Entry)
Bachelor's (4 years) at
**Course Overview** Our Physics with Astrophysics Foundation Entry degree course keeps your options open in this fascinating area of study. You’ll cover everything from quantum physics to the formation of the universe. **Why study with us** - Y...
Physics with Astronomy
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Surrey
**Why choose this course** Our BSc and MPhys Physics with Astronomy courses teach you about our place in the cosmos. You’ll learn about cutting-edge theories of the origin of the Universe and life itself, and have the opportunity to carry out origi...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (5 years) at University of Glasgow
**Physics with Astrophysics:** In this degree programme the study of physics is particularly focused on astrophysical phenomena: from stars and planets to galaxies and cosmology. Astrophysics provides a natural laboratory in which to explore the la...
Astrophysics with Advanced Research
Master's (2 years) at University of Hertfordshire
The MSc Astrophysics with Advanced Research is a two year degree worth 240 credits (120 ECTs), and emulates the structure of taught Masters degrees run in Europe and elsewhere outside the UK. You’ll develop a thorough grounding in fundamental phys...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Lancaster University
Our BSc Physics with Astrophysics degree develops your understanding of the relationship between the physical laws of the universe and the astrophysical and cosmological domains. The specialist teaching is informed by our world-leading activities i...
Astrophysics
Doctorate / PhD (3 years) at University of Edinburgh
Based at the historic Royal Observatory Edinburgh, the Institute for Astronomy (IfA) is one of the world’s leading centres in astronomical research. We share our picturesque base on Blackford Hill with the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (ATC) – the UK’s leading astronomical instrument maker – so as a postgraduate student you will be joining a vibrant community of specialists. The scope of our research is as wide as the cosmos we explore. Thanks to our affiliation with the UK ATC and our strong links with related research centres in the School of Physics & Astronomy, we are in a rare position to accommodate a diversity of research specialisms...
Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology
Bachelor's (3 years) at King's College London
Our Physics with Astrophysics and Cosmology BSc course will give you an understanding of fundamental aspects of physics, astrophysics and cosmology covering areas such as special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, fields and waves, the phys...
Physics with Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Nottingham Trent University
Study the building blocks of the universe, all that ever was and ever will be. This exciting course is your chance to develop your interests in astronomy and cosmology alongside your core undergraduate physics studies. It includes extragalactic ast...
Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at University of Sheffield
Explore the key topics at the cutting edge of modern astrophysics. You’ll get training in the practical skills used by professional astrophysicists and be able to conduct your own astronomical observations. **Course description** This course expla...
Physics and Astronomy
Doctorate / PhD (4 years) at University of Leicester
We offer PhD and MPhil supervision in areas compatible with the research interests of our academic staff including: - Earth Observation Science - Radio and Space Plasma Physics - Space Science and Instrumentation - Theoretical Astrophysics ...
Education and Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at Keele University
Discover more about our universe by exploring the skies and gain the theoretical understanding and practical application of education with its influence on individuals and society by studying for an Astrophysics and Education BSc. This will equip y...
Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Master's (5 years) at University of Portsmouth
**Overview** 95% of the universe exists in a form we still don't understand. Explore stars, galaxies, black holes and gravitational waves – joining an international community looking for answers. On this Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology degree...
Astrophysics
Doctorate / PhD (3 years) at University of Leeds
Areas of research include: star formation; constructing multidimensional, multifluid hydromagnetic models of the births and evolution of giant molecular clouds; molecular line emissions; diffuse astrophysical matter in many other environments inclu...
Astronomy and Mathematics
Master's (5 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. You will learn about the l...
Physics with Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of York
Physics with Astrophysics at York gives students an understanding of the scale and physical processes at work in the Universe. The MPhys Physics with Astrophysics degree programme includes a good all-round knowledge of physics, but with a special ...
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Surrey
**Why choose this course** Our exciting BSc and MPhys Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics courses are unique in the UK. You’ll study the core modules required of a physics degree, but you’ll also gain a specialism that combines the quantum world of ...
Physics with Theoretical Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at University of Nottingham
**About Physics at the University of Nottingham** We have a proud history of learning and innovation. Research undertaken within the School of Physics and Astronomy, by Professor Sir Peter Mansfield, was recognised with a 2003 Nobel Prize for the ...
Astronomy and Physics
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Glasgow
**Astronomy** is the study of the physical universe, from the Earth and the solar system to galaxies at the edge of the cosmos. Astronomy lectures are complemented by our observatory, planetarium and telescope facilities. We have close links with t...
Physics with Astrophysics with Foundation Year
Bachelor's (3.5 years) at Keele University
**Foundation Year** Our Foundation Year provides an excellent alternative route to Keele, providing a unique opportunity to better prepare for your chosen degree, and with guaranteed entry onto your undergraduate course once you successfully comple...
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics
Bachelor's (3 years) at University of Surrey
**Why choose this course** Our exciting BSc and MPhys Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics courses are unique in the UK. You’ll study the core modules required of a physics degree, but you’ll also gain a specialism that combines the quantum world of ...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Royal Holloway, University of London
Our students often say their enthusiasm to study Physics stems from wanting to learn more about the Higgs particle, dark matter, nanotechnology or just a wide-ranging curiosity about how things really work. Whatever your reasons, our Physics depart...
Physics with Astrophysics with a Professional Placement
Bachelor's (4 years) at University of Kent
**Physics reaches from the quark out to the largest of galaxies, and encompasses all the matter and timescales within these extremes, while Astrophysics emphasises the underlying physical concepts of the stars and galaxies, which make up the Univer...
Astrophysics
Master's (1 year) at University of St Andrews
The MSc in Astrophysics allows students to gain experience in the core areas of astrophysics to develop the necessary research skills to carry out astrophysical research. The MSc in Astrophysics is a one-year taught programme run by the School of ...
Astrophysics
Master's (4 years) at Aberystwyth University
Astrophysics, at Aberystwyth University, incorporates the broad disciplines of astronomy that include cosmology and galactic astronomy, the solar system, gas giants and terrestrial worlds, red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and quasars amongs...
Astrophysics
Master's (5 years) at University of St Andrews
Over the last 600 years, the University of St Andrews has established a reputation as one of the world’s leading teaching centres. Today, we offer a flexible degree structure based on your choice of subject specialism, creating an environment which...
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